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Videoecology
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Eye is the most dynamic sense organ never resting at a fixed point but constantly moving
in two basic planes: the horizontal plane (to the right - to the left) and the vertical one
(upward-downward). These dynamic activities are provided mostly by the nature of the
oculomotor system and in particular by its nerve centers efforts as well as by the
nature of ocular muscles being the most fast-acting ones in the organism (Fig. 1).
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Fig. 1. Arrangement of external eye muscles (conventional scheme)
1 - trochlea,
2 - inferior oblique muscle,
3 - superior oblique muscle,
4 - musculus levator palpebrae superioris,
5 - internal direct muscle,
6 - external direct muscle,
7 - optic nerve,
8 - inferior direct muscle,
9 - superior oblique muscle
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Eye activity, to a great extent, is facilitated by its spherical form and minimum
friction - in fact, an eye practically "floats" in the orbit; thus making it possible
to move freely and to investigate visual environment rapidly. This possibility is vital
because, above all, an individual's eye can clearly monitor surrounding objects be
the extremely small part of the retina (only 0.4 mm in diameter) the so-called central
fossa (fovea centralis) (Fig. 2). Whereas the visual field is comparatively big
(about 180°), the central fossa is 1.5-2.0° in size, i.e. approximately 100 times as smaller.
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Fig. 2. Right eye horizontal section scheme
1 - conjunctiva,
2 - helmet canal,
3 - iris of the eye,
4 - cornea,
5 - front chamber,
6 - rear chamber,
7 - Bowman's muscle,
8 - zonule fibers,
9 - lens,
10 - vitreous body,
11 - optic axis,
12 - papilla,
13 - sclera,
14 - tunic,
15 - retina,
16 - optic nerve,
17 - cribriform lamina,
18 - macula lutea (yellow spot),
19 - central pit
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The maximum power of vision is within the central fossa. It degrades sharply towards
the peripheral parts of the retina (Fig. 3). While observing the figure shown on
this page, one can tell that we are capable of clear vision by the "very top of
the Eiffel tower". With our eyes firmly fixed, we could see only one half of
the face of an individual walking in the opposite direction at a distance of 3 m,
while the whole image of an individual could be seen at a distance of 48 m only.
With eyes fixed, an individual could obviously face problems on street orientation.
Thus, the basic mode of eye movements is associated with "object positioning" into the clear
vision area. There exist other eye movements as well: compensatory - together with turns of
a head, convergent-divergent movements, fusion and torsion ones.
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Fig. 3. Dependence of visual acuity on stimulus position in the visual field.
Upper curve - daylight vision, lower one - night vision
Visual acuity
Nasal portion of vision
Fovea
Temporal portion of vision
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Additional information |
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Videoecology is the science of interaction between a human being and visual environment |
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Doctor of biology, academician of International Academy of sciences
is the founder of the videoecology as a science . |
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is all we perceive by organ of vision, in other words it is all we look at by our eyes |
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дизайн-студия АРТ
